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Sains
Malaysiana 54(7)(2025): 1701-1711
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5407-05
Silver Nanoparticles Synthesised with Red Betel Leaf (Piper
crocatum) Extract as a Photosensitiser for Inactivation of Escherichia
coli and Staphylococcus aureus
(Nanopartikel Perak
Disintesis dengan Ekstrak Daun Sirih Merah (Piper
crocatum) sebagai Fotopemeka untuk
Menyahaktifkan Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus
aureus)
SURYANI DYAH ASTUTI1,*, DAMITA KARREN1, YUNUS SUSILO2, AHMAD
KHALIL YAQUBI3, ANDI HAMIM
ZAIDAN1 &
NASRUL ANUAR ABD RAZAK4
1Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya, 60115, East
Java, Indonesia
2Faculty of Engineering Dr Soetomo University, Surabaya 60118,
Indonesia
3Doctorate Degree, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya, 60115,
Indonesia
4Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
Diserahkan: 25 April 2024/Diterima: 22 Mei 2025
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by Escherichia
coli and Staphylococcus aureus are major health concerns in
Indonesia, exacerbated by antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation. This
study explores the use of betel leaf-synthesised silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
combined with red laser irradiation to enhance antimicrobial effectiveness
against these resistant bacteria. The study included four groups: a control
group (T0) without laser irradiation, E. coli groups (A1 and A2), and S.
aureus groups (A3 and A4) treated with varying concentrations of AgNPs and
irradiated with a 665 nm diode laser. The photosensitiser group (A2 and A4)
received AgNPs synthesised from red betel leaf extract (AgNPs-Pc), followed by
a 10-min incubation. The samples were then irradiated at four different times:
90, 120, 150, and 180 min, using a laser with a wavelength of 665 nm to
evaluate the antimicrobial effects. The findings showed that AgNPs-Pc combined
with a red laser significantly reduced E. coli growth compared to the
control group without photosensitiser. For S. aureus, growth occurred
after irradiation without photosensitiser (PS). Irradiation of S. aureus with AgNPs-Pc at concentrations of 1 mM, 1.5 mM, and 2 mM for 150 s resulted in
bacterial death reductions of 89.74%, 91.24%, and 89.05%, respectively. The
effective inactivation of E. coli was 87.29 ± 2.68% at an energy density
of 22.68 J/cm². S. aureus required a higher energy density of 37.80
J/cm² for 91.24 ± 2.76% inactivation. This study shows that red betel leaf
extract-synthesised silver nanoparticles combined with red laser irradiation
effectively combat antibiotic-resistant E. coli and S. aureus.
Keywords: Escherichia coli; photoinactivation;
photosensitiser; red diode laser; Staphylococcus aureus
Abstrak
Penyakit berjangkit yang disebabkan oleh Escherichia
coli dan Staphylococcus aureus merupakan masalah kesihatan utama di
Indonesia, diburukkan lagi dengan kerintangan antibiotik dan pembentukan biofilem.
Penyelidikan ini mengkaji penggunaan nanozarah perak hasil sintesis daun sirih
(AgNPs) yang digabungkan dengan penyinaran laser merah untuk meningkatkan keberkesanan
antimikrob terhadap bakteria rintang antibiotik. Kajian ini melibatkan empat kumpulan:
kumpulan kawalan (T0) tanpa penyinaran laser, kumpulan E. coli (A1 dan
A2) dan kumpulan S. aureus (A3 dan A4) yang dirawat dengan pelbagai kepekatan
(AgNPs) dan disinari dengan laser diod 665 nm. Kumpulan fotopemekaan (A2 dan
A4) menerima AgNPs yang disintesis daripada ekstrak daun sirih merah
(AgNPs-Pc), diikuti dengan eraman selama 10 min. Sampel tersebut kemudiannya
disinari pada tempoh masa yang berbeza: 90, 120, 150 dan 180 min, menggunakan
laser dengan panjang gelombang 665 nm untuk menilai kesan antimikrob. Hasil
menunjukkan bahawa AgNPs-Pc yang digabungkan dengan laser merah secara
signifikan mengurangkan pertumbuhan E. coli dibandingkan dengan kawalan
tanpa fotopemekaan. Untuk S. aureus, pertumbuhan terjadi setelah sinaran
tanpa fotopemekaan (PS). Sinaran ke atas S. aureus dengan AgNPs-Pc pada kepekatan
1 mM, 1.5 mM dan 2 mM selama 150 saat mengurangkan kematian bakteria
masing-masing sebanyak 89.74%, 91.24% dan 89.05%. Penyahaktifan berkesan bagi E.
coli adalah 87.29 ± 2.68% pada ketumpatan tenaga 22.68 J/cm². S. aureus memerlukan ketumpatan tenaga yang lebih tinggi sebanyak 37.80 J/cm² untuk penyahaktifan
sebanyak 91.24 ± 2.76%. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahawa nanozarah perak hasil
sintesis ekstrak daun sirih merah yang digabungkan dengan sinaran laser merah adalah
berkesan untuk melawan E. coli dan S. aureus yang rintang
terhadap antibiotik.
Kata kunci: Escherichia coli; fotopemekaan; laser diod merah; penyahaktifan
foto; Staphylococcus aureus
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat;
email: suryanidyah@fst.unair.ac.id
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